{"id":8015,"date":"2025-07-20T14:31:13","date_gmt":"2025-07-20T06:31:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/?p=8015"},"modified":"2025-07-20T14:31:13","modified_gmt":"2025-07-20T06:31:13","slug":"legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html","title":{"rendered":"Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<article class=\"ai-article\">\n<header>\n<h1>Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups<\/h1>\n<p class=\"subtitle\">Choosing the Right Business Entity for Growth, Investment, and Compliance<\/p>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<h2> Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>Starting a business in the Philippines can be exciting and rewarding \u2014 especially in fast-growing cities like Cebu. However, the foundation of any sustainable and legally compliant business lies in choosing the right legal structure. Whether you&#8217;re a local founder, a foreign entrepreneur, or a digital nomad looking for operational stability, understanding the available business entity types is crucial.<\/p>\n<p>This guide will explore the major legal structures available for startups in the Philippines, compare their advantages and disadvantages, and help you decide which form is right for your venture.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2> 1. Sole Proprietorship<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Definition:<\/strong> A Sole Proprietorship is a business owned and operated by one individual. It is the simplest form of business registration in the Philippines and is regulated by the <strong>Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2705 Advantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"939\">\n<p data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"939\"><strong data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"668\">Simple and Fast Registration Process<\/strong><br data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"671\" \/>One of the biggest draws of a sole proprietorship is how quickly you can get started. DTI registration can often be completed <strong data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"815\">within a day<\/strong> through online or in-person channels. You\u2019ll need to choose a unique business name, fill out a form, and pay a minimal fee.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"1228\">\n<p data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1228\"><strong data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"980\">Low Startup and Operational Costs<\/strong><br data-start=\"980\" data-end=\"983\" \/>Compared to corporations or partnerships, the legal and administrative costs involved in setting up and maintaining a sole proprietorship are minimal. No need to hire a corporate lawyer or accountant unless your operations become more complex.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1487\">\n<p data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1487\"><strong data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1264\">Full Control and Flexibility<\/strong><br data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1267\" \/>You have total authority over the operations, strategy, and finances of the business. You can make quick decisions without consulting a board or partners, making this structure ideal for agile startups and freelancers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1489\" data-end=\"1691\">\n<p data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1691\"><strong data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1535\">Suitable for Small and Micro Enterprises<\/strong><br data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1538\" \/>This structure is great for testing a new business idea, building a side hustle, or managing freelance work without committing to a more complex setup.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u274c Disadvantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"2021\">\n<p data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"2021\"><strong data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1773\">No Legal Distinction Between Owner and Business<\/strong><br data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1776\" \/>In legal and financial terms, the business and the owner are the same entity. This means <strong data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1890\">unlimited liability<\/strong>: if your business incurs debt or faces a lawsuit, your <strong data-start=\"1946\" data-end=\"1977\">personal assets are at risk<\/strong>, including your bank account, car, or home.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2023\" data-end=\"2272\">\n<p data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2272\"><strong data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2076\">Limited Access to Investment and Growth Capital<\/strong><br data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2079\" \/>Sole proprietorships can\u2019t issue shares or attract equity investors. Banks may also be more hesitant to provide loans to sole proprietors unless there\u2019s a solid credit history and collateral.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2274\" data-end=\"2542\">\n<p data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2542\"><strong data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2300\">Challenging to Scale<\/strong><br data-start=\"2300\" data-end=\"2303\" \/>While easy to start, this type of business can become a liability when you want to scale, add partners, or bring in outside investors. Many sole proprietors eventually <strong data-start=\"2473\" data-end=\"2500\">convert to corporations<\/strong> when the business outgrows the structure.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2544\" data-end=\"2860\">\n<p data-start=\"2546\" data-end=\"2860\"><strong data-start=\"2546\" data-end=\"2581\">Restricted to Filipino Citizens<\/strong><br data-start=\"2581\" data-end=\"2584\" \/>Under Philippine law, <strong data-start=\"2608\" data-end=\"2644\">foreign nationals are prohibited<\/strong> from registering a sole proprietorship. Even dual citizens or former Filipinos must prove their eligibility. For foreign entrepreneurs, incorporating a domestic or foreign-owned corporation is the more viable route.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em>Note:<\/em> Foreigners are not allowed to register as sole proprietors under Philippine law.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"2867\" data-end=\"2902\"> Registration Steps (Sample)<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"2904\" data-end=\"2984\">Here\u2019s a quick look at how to register a sole proprietorship in the Philippines:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"3356\">\n<li data-start=\"2986\" data-end=\"3061\">\n<p data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3061\"><strong data-start=\"2989\" data-end=\"3015\">Choose a Business Name<\/strong> \u2013 Conduct a name check via DTI\u2019s BNRS portal.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3062\" data-end=\"3145\">\n<p data-start=\"3065\" data-end=\"3145\"><strong data-start=\"3065\" data-end=\"3095\">Prepare Required Documents<\/strong> \u2013 Valid ID, Barangay clearance, proof of address.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3146\" data-end=\"3210\">\n<p data-start=\"3149\" data-end=\"3210\"><strong data-start=\"3149\" data-end=\"3171\">Submit Application<\/strong> \u2013 Online or in-person at a DTI office.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3211\" data-end=\"3297\">\n<p data-start=\"3214\" data-end=\"3297\"><strong data-start=\"3214\" data-end=\"3229\">Pay the Fee<\/strong> \u2013 Typically ranges from \u20b1200 to \u20b12,000 depending on business scope.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3298\" data-end=\"3356\">\n<p data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3356\"><strong data-start=\"3301\" data-end=\"3355\">Get Your Certificate of Business Name Registration<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"3358\" data-end=\"3395\">Once registered, you\u2019ll also need to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3397\" data-end=\"3581\">\n<li data-start=\"3397\" data-end=\"3470\">\n<p data-start=\"3399\" data-end=\"3470\">Register with the <strong data-start=\"3417\" data-end=\"3453\">Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)<\/strong> to get your TIN.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3471\" data-end=\"3529\">\n<p data-start=\"3473\" data-end=\"3529\">Apply for <strong data-start=\"3483\" data-end=\"3505\">Barangay Clearance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"3510\" data-end=\"3528\">Mayor\u2019s Permit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3530\" data-end=\"3581\">\n<p data-start=\"3532\" data-end=\"3581\">Register books of accounts and official receipts.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3583\" data-end=\"3586\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"3588\" data-end=\"3613\"> Example Use Cases<\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"3615\" data-end=\"3888\">\n<li data-start=\"3615\" data-end=\"3735\">\n<p data-start=\"3617\" data-end=\"3735\"><strong data-start=\"3617\" data-end=\"3645\">Freelance Web Developer:<\/strong> Registers a sole proprietorship under the business name \u201cPixel Cebu Web Design Services.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3736\" data-end=\"3813\">\n<p data-start=\"3738\" data-end=\"3813\"><strong data-start=\"3738\" data-end=\"3756\">Online Seller:<\/strong> Operates a Shopee store selling eco-friendly home goods.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3814\" data-end=\"3888\">\n<p data-start=\"3816\" data-end=\"3888\"><strong data-start=\"3816\" data-end=\"3837\">Food Stall Owner:<\/strong> Manages a local street food kiosk in Cebu IT Park.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"3890\" data-end=\"3893\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"3895\" data-end=\"3913\"> Expert Tip<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3915\" data-end=\"4276\">If you are just starting out and want to test your idea without much risk or paperwork, a sole proprietorship is a good first step. But once your business reaches around <strong data-start=\"4085\" data-end=\"4117\">\u20b12 million in annual revenue<\/strong> or you plan to bring in partners or scale operations, consider transitioning to a <strong data-start=\"4200\" data-end=\"4215\">corporation<\/strong> to access better tax structuring and investor opportunities.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4278\" data-end=\"4281\" \/>\n<p data-start=\"4283\" data-end=\"4347\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem; font-weight: bold;\"> 2. Partnership<\/span><\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<p data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"411\"><strong data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"108\">Definition:<\/strong><br data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"111\" \/>A <strong data-start=\"113\" data-end=\"128\">Partnership<\/strong> is a business structure where two or more individuals agree to share in the profits, losses, and management of a business. Partnerships in the Philippines are governed by the <strong data-start=\"304\" data-end=\"318\">Civil Code<\/strong> and regulated by the <strong data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"384\">Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)<\/strong>. There are two main types:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"594\">\n<li data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"489\">\n<p data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"489\"><strong data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"444\">General Partnership (GP):<\/strong> All partners share in liability and profits.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"594\">\n<p data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"594\"><strong data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"521\">Limited Partnership (LP):<\/strong> Some partners have limited liability and do not take part in management.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"759\">Partnerships are relatively simple to set up but offer more flexibility than sole proprietorships, making them a popular option for small to medium-sized startups.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2705 Advantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"1083\">\n<p data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"1083\"><strong data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"816\">Shared Capital and Skills<\/strong><br data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"819\" \/>Partnerships allow multiple individuals to pool their resources, whether financial capital, intellectual property, or networks. This is especially helpful for startups where one partner may bring tech skills, another business acumen, and another initial capital.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1333\">\n<p data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1333\"><strong data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1120\">Flexible Management Structure<\/strong><br data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1123\" \/>Partners can agree on their roles, responsibilities, and profit-sharing ratios through a <strong data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1239\">Partnership Agreement<\/strong>. You can divide work based on each partner\u2019s strengths while maintaining operational agility.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1591\">\n<p data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1591\"><strong data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1400\">Easier Access to Funding (Compared to Sole Proprietorships)<\/strong><br data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1403\" \/>While partnerships still can&#8217;t issue shares like corporations, they are often more attractive to banks and investors due to the perceived stability of having multiple accountable owners.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1593\" data-end=\"1830\">\n<p data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1830\"><strong data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1636\">Simpler Compliance Than a Corporation<\/strong><br data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1639\" \/>Partnerships require SEC registration but are generally <strong data-start=\"1697\" data-end=\"1713\">less complex<\/strong> to maintain than corporations. They don\u2019t require a board of directors or regular shareholder meetings, for example.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"2135\">\n<p data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"2135\"><strong data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1887\">Open to Foreign Participation (with Restrictions)<\/strong><br data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1890\" \/>Foreigners can be partners in a partnership, depending on the nature of the business and compliance with the <strong data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2037\">Foreign Investment Negative List<\/strong> (FINL). In some industries, up to 40% foreign ownership is allowed; in others, 100% is permitted.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u274c Disadvantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2164\" data-end=\"2433\">\n<p data-start=\"2166\" data-end=\"2433\"><strong data-start=\"2166\" data-end=\"2224\">Joint and Several Liability (for General Partnerships)<\/strong><br data-start=\"2224\" data-end=\"2227\" \/>In a general partnership, <strong data-start=\"2255\" data-end=\"2292\">each partner is personally liable<\/strong> for business debts. If one partner causes a legal issue or financial loss, all partners could be held accountable\u2014even from personal assets.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2435\" data-end=\"2633\">\n<p data-start=\"2437\" data-end=\"2633\"><strong data-start=\"2437\" data-end=\"2475\">Risk of Disagreements and Conflict<\/strong><br data-start=\"2475\" data-end=\"2478\" \/>Partnerships live or die by trust. Without a solid agreement and clear communication, even small disputes can lead to business collapse or legal battles.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2635\" data-end=\"2887\">\n<p data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2887\"><strong data-start=\"2637\" data-end=\"2675\">Limited Access to Large Investment<\/strong><br data-start=\"2675\" data-end=\"2678\" \/>Like sole proprietorships, partnerships can&#8217;t issue stock to investors. This limits your ability to scale rapidly or attract venture capital. Many startups eventually convert to corporations for this reason.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2889\" data-end=\"3081\">\n<p data-start=\"2891\" data-end=\"3081\"><strong data-start=\"2891\" data-end=\"2908\">Not Perpetual<\/strong><br data-start=\"2908\" data-end=\"2911\" \/>A partnership typically dissolves when one partner leaves, dies, or withdraws\u2014unless otherwise stated in the partnership agreement. This can affect long-term stability.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 data-start=\"3088\" data-end=\"3123\"> Registration Steps (Sample)<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"3125\" data-end=\"3181\">Here\u2019s how to register a partnership in the Philippines:<\/p>\n<ol data-start=\"3183\" data-end=\"3765\">\n<li data-start=\"3183\" data-end=\"3341\">\n<p data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3341\"><strong data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3223\">Draft the Articles of Partnership<\/strong> \u2013 This document includes the nature of the business, capital contributions, profit sharing, and rules on dissolution.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3342\" data-end=\"3412\">\n<p data-start=\"3345\" data-end=\"3412\"><strong data-start=\"3345\" data-end=\"3371\">Notarize the Documents<\/strong> \u2013 Required before submission to the SEC.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3413\" data-end=\"3475\">\n<p data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3475\"><strong data-start=\"3416\" data-end=\"3443\">Reserve a Business Name<\/strong> \u2013 Done via SEC\u2019s online portal.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3476\" data-end=\"3579\">\n<p data-start=\"3479\" data-end=\"3579\"><strong data-start=\"3479\" data-end=\"3500\">Register with SEC<\/strong> \u2013 Submit Articles of Partnership and pay registration fees (based on capital).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3580\" data-end=\"3765\">\n<p data-start=\"3583\" data-end=\"3616\"><strong data-start=\"3583\" data-end=\"3615\">Register with Other Agencies<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"3620\" data-end=\"3765\">\n<li data-start=\"3620\" data-end=\"3656\">\n<p data-start=\"3622\" data-end=\"3656\">BIR (for TIN and books of account)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3660\" data-end=\"3712\">\n<p data-start=\"3662\" data-end=\"3712\">Barangay and Mayor\u2019s Office (for business permits)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3716\" data-end=\"3765\">\n<p data-start=\"3718\" data-end=\"3765\">PhilHealth, Pag-IBIG, SSS (if hiring employees)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr data-start=\"3767\" data-end=\"3770\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"3772\" data-end=\"3797\"> Example Use Cases<\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"4186\">\n<li data-start=\"3799\" data-end=\"3932\">\n<p data-start=\"3801\" data-end=\"3932\"><strong data-start=\"3801\" data-end=\"3827\">Tech Startup Founders:<\/strong> Two friends\u2014one a developer, one a marketing strategist\u2014launch a mobile app under a general partnership.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3933\" data-end=\"4032\">\n<p data-start=\"3935\" data-end=\"4032\"><strong data-start=\"3935\" data-end=\"3953\">Caf\u00e9 Business:<\/strong> A chef and an investor partner up to open a boutique coffee shop in Cebu City.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4033\" data-end=\"4186\">\n<p data-start=\"4035\" data-end=\"4186\"><strong data-start=\"4035\" data-end=\"4061\">Freelancer Collective:<\/strong> A group of creative professionals (designers, writers, marketers) form a partnership to bid on larger agency-style projects.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4188\" data-end=\"4191\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"4193\" data-end=\"4211\"> Expert Tip<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"4213\" data-end=\"4433\">Always invest in a <strong data-start=\"4232\" data-end=\"4270\">well-written Partnership Agreement<\/strong>, even between friends or family. Include clauses for dispute resolution, capital withdrawal, and succession planning. Think of it as a \u201cprenup\u201d for your business.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"4435\" data-end=\"4651\">If your partnership is growing and you want to raise outside capital or limit liability exposure, consider <strong data-start=\"4542\" data-end=\"4559\">incorporating<\/strong> as a corporation later. This transition is common and legally supported in the Philippines.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2>\ufe0f 3. Corporation<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"211\" data-end=\"605\">A <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"246\">Corporation<\/strong> is a legal entity that is separate and distinct from its owners (shareholders). In the Philippines, corporations are governed by the <strong data-start=\"380\" data-end=\"438\">Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines (RA 11232)<\/strong> and are registered with the <strong data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"511\">Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)<\/strong>. The corporation can enter into contracts, sue and be sued, and own property in its own name.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"669\">There are two main types of corporations relevant to startups:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"891\">\n<li data-start=\"671\" data-end=\"772\">\n<p data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"772\"><strong data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"694\">Stock Corporation<\/strong>: Has shareholders and issues stocks. Profits can be distributed as dividends.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"891\">\n<p data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"891\"><strong data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"800\">Non-Stock Corporation<\/strong>: Used mainly for non-profit purposes like NGOs or foundations (not covered in this guide).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"1075\">In most startup cases, a <strong data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"939\">Stock Corporation<\/strong> is the preferred legal structure, especially when you plan to raise investment, scale operations, or work with partners or co-founders.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2705 Advantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1398\">\n<p data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1398\"><strong data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1135\">Limited Liability Protection<\/strong><br data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1138\" \/>Shareholders are only liable to the extent of their capital contribution. Personal assets are protected from business debts and lawsuits, providing peace of mind especially in high-risk ventures like tech startups or service businesses with multiple clients.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1637\">\n<p data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1637\"><strong data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1429\">Easier to Raise Capital<\/strong><br data-start=\"1429\" data-end=\"1432\" \/>Corporations can issue shares to investors, co-founders, and employees (through options or equity plans). This makes it easier to attract angel investors, venture capitalists, and institutional partners.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1850\">\n<p data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1850\"><strong data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1664\">Perpetual Existence<\/strong><br data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1667\" \/>A corporation continues to exist even if owners leave, die, or sell their shares. This long-term stability is crucial for gaining trust from partners, investors, and even customers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1852\" data-end=\"2043\">\n<p data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"2043\"><strong data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1891\">Improved Credibility and Branding<\/strong><br data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1894\" \/>Clients, suppliers, and financial institutions often perceive corporations as more professional and reliable than sole proprietors or partnerships.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2045\" data-end=\"2390\">\n<p data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2390\"><strong data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2096\">Foreign Ownership Allowed (with Restrictions)<\/strong><br data-start=\"2096\" data-end=\"2099\" \/>Depending on the business activity, a corporation can have <strong data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2192\">up to 100% foreign ownership<\/strong> if the business is not restricted under the <strong data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2280\">Foreign Investment Negative List (FINL)<\/strong>. For startups in sectors like IT, software development, BPO, and consulting, this is a significant advantage.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2392\" data-end=\"2673\">\n<p data-start=\"2394\" data-end=\"2673\"><strong data-start=\"2394\" data-end=\"2439\">Eligible for One Person Corporation (OPC)<\/strong><br data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2442\" \/>Under the Revised Corporation Code, a single individual (including foreigners in some cases) may form a <strong data-start=\"2548\" data-end=\"2580\">One Person Corporation (OPC)<\/strong> \u2014 a simplified corporate structure for solo founders. We will cover this in a later section.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u274c Disadvantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"2702\" data-end=\"3053\">\n<p data-start=\"2704\" data-end=\"3053\"><strong data-start=\"2704\" data-end=\"2756\">Higher Registration Costs and Ongoing Compliance<\/strong><br data-start=\"2756\" data-end=\"2759\" \/>Compared to a sole proprietorship or partnership, setting up a corporation requires more documentation, legal assistance, and government fees. Annual obligations like <strong data-start=\"2928\" data-end=\"2963\">General Information Sheet (GIS)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2965\" data-end=\"3003\">Audited Financial Statements (AFS)<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"3009\" data-end=\"3028\">SEC submissions<\/strong> must be filed regularly.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3055\" data-end=\"3349\">\n<p data-start=\"3057\" data-end=\"3349\"><strong data-start=\"3057\" data-end=\"3092\">More Complex Internal Structure<\/strong><br data-start=\"3092\" data-end=\"3095\" \/>You need to appoint at least <strong data-start=\"3126\" data-end=\"3155\">two to five incorporators<\/strong> (unless it\u2019s an OPC), elect a <strong data-start=\"3186\" data-end=\"3208\">Board of Directors<\/strong>, and define officers (President, Treasurer, Corporate Secretary, etc.). These roles come with specific legal and fiduciary responsibilities.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3351\" data-end=\"3622\">\n<p data-start=\"3353\" data-end=\"3622\"><strong data-start=\"3353\" data-end=\"3396\">Stricter Tax and Reporting Requirements<\/strong><br data-start=\"3396\" data-end=\"3399\" \/>Corporations must comply with corporate income tax (currently 25% for most corporations or 20% for small corporations), plus VAT, withholding taxes, and other BIR obligations. Non-compliance can result in hefty penalties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3624\" data-end=\"3836\">\n<p data-start=\"3626\" data-end=\"3836\"><strong data-start=\"3626\" data-end=\"3658\">Less Operational Flexibility<\/strong><br data-start=\"3658\" data-end=\"3661\" \/>Major decisions (e.g., issuing new shares, amending bylaws) must be approved by the board and possibly shareholders, which can slow down execution in fast-moving industries.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Best For:<\/strong> Tech startups, investment-ready ventures, export-oriented companies<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"3843\" data-end=\"3885\"> Registration Process: Step-by-Step<\/h4>\n<ol data-start=\"3887\" data-end=\"4862\">\n<li data-start=\"3887\" data-end=\"3969\">\n<p data-start=\"3890\" data-end=\"3969\"><strong data-start=\"3890\" data-end=\"3916\">Reserve a Company Name<\/strong> via the SEC online portal (<a class=\"cursor-pointer\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"3944\" data-end=\"3967\">https:\/\/crs.sec.gov.ph\/<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3970\" data-end=\"4085\">\n<p data-start=\"3973\" data-end=\"4085\"><strong data-start=\"3973\" data-end=\"4021\">Prepare Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws<\/strong> \u2013 outlining company structure, capital, governance, and powers.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4086\" data-end=\"4190\">\n<p data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4190\"><strong data-start=\"4089\" data-end=\"4125\">Secure the Treasurer\u2019s Affidavit<\/strong> and other supporting documents (e.g., affidavit of undertaking).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4191\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<p data-start=\"4194\" data-end=\"4261\"><strong data-start=\"4194\" data-end=\"4225\">Deposit the Minimum Capital<\/strong> \u2013 depending on ownership structure:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4265\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<li data-start=\"4265\" data-end=\"4332\">\n<p data-start=\"4267\" data-end=\"4332\"><strong data-start=\"4267\" data-end=\"4314\">Domestic Corporation (100% Filipino-owned):<\/strong> Minimum of \u20b15,000<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4336\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<p data-start=\"4338\" data-end=\"4362\"><strong data-start=\"4338\" data-end=\"4362\">With Foreign Equity:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"4368\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<li data-start=\"4368\" data-end=\"4413\">\n<p data-start=\"4370\" data-end=\"4413\">\u20b1200,000 minimum for non-export enterprises<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4419\" data-end=\"4480\">\n<p data-start=\"4421\" data-end=\"4480\">\u20b1100,000 for enterprises that export at least 60% of output<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4486\" data-end=\"4567\">\n<p data-start=\"4488\" data-end=\"4567\">Can be reduced further for startups under the <strong data-start=\"4534\" data-end=\"4567\">Startup Visa \/ Innovation Act<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4568\" data-end=\"4631\">\n<p data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4631\"><strong data-start=\"4571\" data-end=\"4588\">Submit to SEC<\/strong> and wait for Certificate of Incorporation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4632\" data-end=\"4709\">\n<p data-start=\"4635\" data-end=\"4709\"><strong data-start=\"4635\" data-end=\"4656\">Register with BIR<\/strong> \u2013 get TIN, books of accounts, and official receipts.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4710\" data-end=\"4776\">\n<p data-start=\"4713\" data-end=\"4776\"><strong data-start=\"4713\" data-end=\"4735\">Obtain LGU Permits<\/strong> \u2013 barangay clearance and mayor\u2019s permit.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4777\" data-end=\"4862\">\n<p data-start=\"4780\" data-end=\"4862\"><strong data-start=\"4780\" data-end=\"4817\">Register with Government Agencies<\/strong> \u2013 SSS, PhilHealth, Pag-IBIG if hiring staff.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4864\" data-end=\"4946\"><em data-start=\"4864\" data-end=\"4946\">Note: Legal and accounting support is strongly recommended during incorporation.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4948\" data-end=\"4951\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"4953\" data-end=\"4998\"> Capital Requirements &amp; Foreign Equity<\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5516\">\n<thead data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5056\">\n<tr data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5056\">\n<th data-start=\"5000\" data-end=\"5025\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Ownership Type<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5025\" data-end=\"5047\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Minimum Capital<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"5047\" data-end=\"5056\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Notes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"5114\" data-end=\"5516\">\n<tr data-start=\"5114\" data-end=\"5178\">\n<td data-start=\"5114\" data-end=\"5139\" data-col-size=\"sm\">100% Filipino-owned<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5139\" data-end=\"5161\">\u20b15,000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5161\" data-end=\"5178\">Basic minimum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5179\" data-end=\"5254\">\n<td data-start=\"5179\" data-end=\"5204\" data-col-size=\"sm\">&lt;40% Foreign Equity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5204\" data-end=\"5226\">\u20b15,000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5226\" data-end=\"5254\">Treated as domestic corp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5255\" data-end=\"5337\">\n<td data-start=\"5255\" data-end=\"5280\" data-col-size=\"sm\">&gt;40% Foreign Equity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5280\" data-end=\"5302\">\u20b1200,000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5302\" data-end=\"5337\">Can be lower if export-oriented<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5338\" data-end=\"5426\">\n<td data-start=\"5338\" data-end=\"5363\" data-col-size=\"sm\">100% Export Enterprise<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5363\" data-end=\"5385\">\u20b15,000<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5385\" data-end=\"5426\">Must export 60%+ of products\/services<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"5427\" data-end=\"5516\">\n<td data-start=\"5427\" data-end=\"5452\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Startup under RA 11337<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5452\" data-end=\"5478\">Flexible \/ Incentivized<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"5478\" data-end=\"5516\">Under DOST\/Startup Visa guidelines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"5518\" data-end=\"5521\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"5523\" data-end=\"5561\"> Foreign Ownership and the FINL<\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"5563\" data-end=\"5788\">The <strong data-start=\"5567\" data-end=\"5610\">Foreign Investment Negative List (FINL)<\/strong> dictates which industries are closed or limited to foreign ownership. If your startup is in IT, SaaS, BPO, e-commerce, or similar fields, 100% foreign equity is usually allowed.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5790\" data-end=\"5989\">However, businesses related to <strong data-start=\"5821\" data-end=\"5831\">retail<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"5833\" data-end=\"5848\">real estate<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"5850\" data-end=\"5863\">education<\/strong>, or <strong data-start=\"5868\" data-end=\"5882\">mass media<\/strong> may be subject to restrictions. Always consult legal counsel if your venture touches on regulated sectors.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"5991\" data-end=\"5994\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"5996\" data-end=\"6021\"> Example Use Cases<\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"6023\" data-end=\"6552\">\n<li data-start=\"6023\" data-end=\"6248\">\n<p data-start=\"6025\" data-end=\"6248\"><strong data-start=\"6025\" data-end=\"6041\">Tech Startup<\/strong>: A group of 3 founders \u2014 2 Filipino and 1 foreigner \u2014 incorporate a software company to develop an AI-driven HR tool. They choose a stock corporation to raise angel funding and issue employee stock options.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6249\" data-end=\"6413\">\n<p data-start=\"6251\" data-end=\"6413\"><strong data-start=\"6251\" data-end=\"6269\">Digital Agency<\/strong>: A 100% foreign-owned team sets up a marketing consultancy exporting 90% of services to US clients, taking advantage of full foreign ownership.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6414\" data-end=\"6552\">\n<p data-start=\"6416\" data-end=\"6552\"><strong data-start=\"6416\" data-end=\"6436\">E-commerce Brand<\/strong>: A local entrepreneur launches a skincare brand and incorporates to protect IP and prepare for Series A investment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"6554\" data-end=\"6557\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"6559\" data-end=\"6591\"> Expert Tips for Startups<\/h4>\n<ul data-start=\"6593\" data-end=\"7340\">\n<li data-start=\"6593\" data-end=\"6807\">\n<p data-start=\"6595\" data-end=\"6807\"><strong data-start=\"6595\" data-end=\"6631\">Consider Future Investment Early<\/strong><br data-start=\"6631\" data-end=\"6634\" \/>If you plan to raise money, incorporate from day one. Many investors require corporate equity (shares), due diligence records, and shareholder agreements before investing.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6809\" data-end=\"6977\">\n<p data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6977\"><strong data-start=\"6811\" data-end=\"6851\">Use Stockholder Agreements and ESOPs<\/strong><br data-start=\"6851\" data-end=\"6854\" \/>Protect founders and early employees through formal agreements, equity vesting, and startup-friendly capital structuring.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"6979\" data-end=\"7186\">\n<p data-start=\"6981\" data-end=\"7186\"><strong data-start=\"6981\" data-end=\"7023\">Work with an Accountant from the Start<\/strong><br data-start=\"7023\" data-end=\"7026\" \/>Proper tax and compliance practices from day one will save time and avoid penalties later. Set up your chart of accounts, books, and tax calendar immediately.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"7188\" data-end=\"7340\">\n<p data-start=\"7190\" data-end=\"7340\"><strong data-start=\"7190\" data-end=\"7216\">Explore Tax Incentives<\/strong><br data-start=\"7216\" data-end=\"7219\" \/>The <strong data-start=\"7225\" data-end=\"7239\">CREATE Act<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"7244\" data-end=\"7270\">Innovative Startup Act<\/strong> offer tax holidays and incentives for qualified startup corporations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"7342\" data-end=\"7345\" \/>\n<h4 data-start=\"7347\" data-end=\"7400\"> Corporation vs. Partnership: Quick Comparison<\/h4>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"7402\" data-end=\"8040\">\n<thead data-start=\"7402\" data-end=\"7481\">\n<tr data-start=\"7402\" data-end=\"7481\">\n<th data-start=\"7402\" data-end=\"7427\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Feature<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"7427\" data-end=\"7453\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Partnership<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"7453\" data-end=\"7481\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Corporation<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"7562\" data-end=\"8040\">\n<tr data-start=\"7562\" data-end=\"7641\">\n<td data-start=\"7562\" data-end=\"7587\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Legal Entity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7587\" data-end=\"7613\">No (unless registered)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7613\" data-end=\"7641\">Yes (separate entity)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7642\" data-end=\"7721\">\n<td data-start=\"7642\" data-end=\"7667\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Liability<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7667\" data-end=\"7693\">Unlimited (GP)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7693\" data-end=\"7721\">Limited to capital<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7722\" data-end=\"7801\">\n<td data-start=\"7722\" data-end=\"7747\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Investors<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7747\" data-end=\"7773\">Limited<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7773\" data-end=\"7801\">Shares can be issued<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7802\" data-end=\"7881\">\n<td data-start=\"7802\" data-end=\"7827\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Foreign Ownership<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7827\" data-end=\"7853\">Limited (by sector)<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7853\" data-end=\"7881\">Allowed up to 100%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7882\" data-end=\"7961\">\n<td data-start=\"7882\" data-end=\"7907\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Perpetual Existence<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7907\" data-end=\"7933\">No<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7933\" data-end=\"7961\">Yes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"7962\" data-end=\"8040\">\n<td data-start=\"7962\" data-end=\"7986\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Compliance Complexity<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"7986\" data-end=\"8012\">Low to Medium<\/td>\n<td data-col-size=\"sm\" data-start=\"8012\" data-end=\"8040\">Medium to High<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2> 4. One Person Corporation (OPC)<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"505\"><strong data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"138\">Definition:<\/strong><br data-start=\"138\" data-end=\"141\" \/>A <strong data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"175\">One Person Corporation (OPC)<\/strong> is a relatively new legal structure in the Philippines that allows a single individual to form a corporation with limited liability. Introduced through the <strong data-start=\"332\" data-end=\"386\">Revised Corporation Code of the Philippines (2019)<\/strong>, an OPC bridges the gap between the simplicity of a Sole Proprietorship and the liability protection of a Corporation.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"789\">In an OPC, one natural person (Filipino citizen or resident alien) serves as the sole shareholder, director, and president of the company. While still subject to regulation by the <strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"731\">Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)<\/strong>, the structure is far simpler than a regular corporation.<\/p>\n<h3>\u2705 Advantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"1060\">\n<p data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"1060\"><strong data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"854\">Limited Liability Protection:<\/strong><br data-start=\"854\" data-end=\"857\" \/>Unlike a sole proprietorship, an OPC is a separate legal entity. This means the owner is not personally liable for the corporation\u2019s debts, protecting personal assets in case of bankruptcy or lawsuits.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1062\" data-end=\"1230\">\n<p data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1230\"><strong data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1093\">Full Ownership &amp; Control:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1096\" \/>The owner retains 100% ownership and full control over all strategic decisions, without needing to consult partners or shareholders.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1417\">\n<p data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1417\"><strong data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1267\">More Credibility &amp; Formality:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1267\" data-end=\"1270\" \/>An OPC carries more weight when dealing with banks, suppliers, or government agencies. It shows greater professionalism and long-term commitment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1608\">\n<p data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1608\"><strong data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1445\">Perpetual Existence:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1448\" \/>An OPC can continue to exist beyond the lifetime of its founder, as long as a <strong data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1561\">nominee and alternate nominee<\/strong> are designated in case of death or incapacity.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1610\" data-end=\"1876\">\n<p data-start=\"1612\" data-end=\"1876\"><strong data-start=\"1612\" data-end=\"1637\">Simplified Reporting:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1640\" \/>While OPCs must submit audited financial statements and annual reports to the SEC, they are exempt from many of the formalities required of regular corporations (e.g., no need for a board of directors or regular stockholder meetings).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u274c Disadvantages:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"2093\">\n<p data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"2093\"><strong data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1947\">Limited to One Shareholder Only:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1947\" data-end=\"1950\" \/>You cannot raise capital from other shareholders. This makes OPCs unsuitable for startups looking to bring in investors or co-founders later.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2095\" data-end=\"2268\">\n<p data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2268\"><strong data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2131\">Restricted to Natural Persons:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2131\" data-end=\"2134\" \/>Only individuals\u2014not corporations or partnerships\u2014can form an OPC. Also, only <strong data-start=\"2214\" data-end=\"2250\">Filipinos or resident foreigners<\/strong> can register one.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2270\" data-end=\"2469\">\n<p data-start=\"2272\" data-end=\"2469\"><strong data-start=\"2272\" data-end=\"2311\">Compliance Obligations Still Apply:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2311\" data-end=\"2314\" \/>Even though lighter than regular corporations, OPCs must still comply with SEC regulations, submit annual reports, and maintain proper books of accounts.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2471\" data-end=\"2673\">\n<p data-start=\"2473\" data-end=\"2673\"><strong data-start=\"2473\" data-end=\"2498\">Nominee Requirements:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2501\" \/>Founders must designate a nominee and an alternate nominee to take over in case of death or incapacity. This adds a layer of complexity compared to a sole proprietorship.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2675\" data-end=\"2915\">\n<p data-start=\"2677\" data-end=\"2915\"><strong data-start=\"2677\" data-end=\"2712\">Foreign Ownership Restrictions:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2712\" data-end=\"2715\" \/>Resident foreign nationals may form OPCs <strong data-start=\"2758\" data-end=\"2844\">only if the business is not covered by the Foreign Investment Negative List (FINL)<\/strong>. This means foreign entrepreneurs still face sector-based limitations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Best For:<\/strong> Foreign freelancers, remote founders, solopreneurs scaling up legally<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h2> 5. Branch Office vs. Representative Office<\/h2>\n<p>If you are a <strong data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"193\">foreign company<\/strong> planning to expand your operations into the Philippines, you may consider setting up either a <strong data-start=\"288\" data-end=\"305\">Branch Office<\/strong> or a <strong data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"336\">Representative Office<\/strong>. These are the two most common options that allow overseas companies to establish a legal presence in the country, each with different scopes and limitations.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"500\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"526\"> <strong data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"526\">Branch Office<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"528\" data-end=\"666\">A <strong data-start=\"530\" data-end=\"547\">Branch Office<\/strong> is a direct extension of the foreign parent company. It can operate commercially in the Philippines and is allowed to:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"746\">\n<li data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"684\">\n<p data-start=\"670\" data-end=\"684\">Sign contracts<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"705\">\n<p data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"705\">Lease office space<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"722\">\n<p data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"722\">Hire employees<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"746\">\n<p data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"746\">Generate local income<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"1043\">The parent company is responsible for all liabilities incurred by the branch, as it does <strong data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"879\">not constitute a separate legal entity<\/strong> from its foreign headquarters. However, the branch must still be <strong data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"1009\">registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)<\/strong> and follow all local regulations.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1226\"> <strong data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1072\">Capital Requirement:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1075\" \/>Foreign-owned branch offices must have a <strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1156\">minimum inward capital of \u20b15 million<\/strong> (roughly USD 90,000), remitted through the Philippine banking system.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1379\"> <strong data-start=\"1231\" data-end=\"1244\">Use Case:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1244\" data-end=\"1247\" \/>Best for <strong data-start=\"1256\" data-end=\"1290\">mature international companies<\/strong> looking to tap into the Philippine market without incorporating a new local corporation.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1384\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1386\" data-end=\"1419\">\ufe0f <strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1419\">Representative Office<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1579\">A <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1448\">Representative Office<\/strong>, unlike a branch, cannot engage in income-generating activities. Its purpose is <strong data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1569\">limited to non-commercial operations<\/strong>, such as:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1759\">\n<li data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1638\">\n<p data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1638\">Liaison work between the head office and local partners<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1686\">\n<p data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1686\">Promoting the company\u2019s products and services<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1715\">\n<p data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"1715\">Conducting market research<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1759\">\n<p data-start=\"1718\" data-end=\"1759\">Providing back-office or support services<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1761\" data-end=\"1874\"> <strong data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1788\">No Sales Activities:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1791\" \/>It is strictly prohibited from signing contracts or selling goods\/services locally.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1997\"> <strong data-start=\"1879\" data-end=\"1903\">Capital Requirement:<\/strong><br data-start=\"1903\" data-end=\"1906\" \/>Only <strong data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1925\">USD 30,000<\/strong> in inward capital is required, making it a more affordable entry point.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2153\"> <strong data-start=\"2002\" data-end=\"2015\">Use Case:<\/strong><br data-start=\"2015\" data-end=\"2018\" \/>Ideal for foreign companies testing the waters or managing regional communication\/logistics without fully operating in the Philippines.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2155\" data-end=\"2158\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2160\" data-end=\"2197\"> <strong data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2197\">Important Compliance Steps<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2199\" data-end=\"2243\">Both Branch and Representative Offices must:<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2245\" data-end=\"2477\">\n<li data-start=\"2245\" data-end=\"2272\">\n<p data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2272\">Register with the <strong data-start=\"2265\" data-end=\"2272\">SEC<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2327\">\n<p data-start=\"2275\" data-end=\"2327\">Secure <strong data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2304\">Barangay Clearance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2327\">Mayor\u2019s Permit<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2328\" data-end=\"2384\">\n<p data-start=\"2330\" data-end=\"2384\">Register with the <strong data-start=\"2348\" data-end=\"2355\">BIR<\/strong> (Bureau of Internal Revenue)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2385\" data-end=\"2426\">\n<p data-start=\"2387\" data-end=\"2426\">Submit regular <strong data-start=\"2402\" data-end=\"2426\">financial statements<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2427\" data-end=\"2477\">\n<p data-start=\"2429\" data-end=\"2477\">Designate a <strong data-start=\"2441\" data-end=\"2477\">resident agent or representative<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2479\" data-end=\"2549\">Failure to comply may result in penalties or suspension of operations.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"2551\" data-end=\"2554\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2556\" data-end=\"2601\"> <strong data-start=\"2559\" data-end=\"2601\">Comparison Table: Startup Entity Types<\/strong><\/h3>\n<div class=\"_tableContainer_80l1q_1\">\n<div class=\"_tableWrapper_80l1q_14 group flex w-fit flex-col-reverse\" tabindex=\"-1\">\n<table class=\"w-fit min-w-(--thread-content-width)\" data-start=\"2603\" data-end=\"3686\">\n<thead data-start=\"2603\" data-end=\"2735\">\n<tr data-start=\"2603\" data-end=\"2735\">\n<th data-start=\"2603\" data-end=\"2629\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Entity Type<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2629\" data-end=\"2646\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Legal Identity<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2646\" data-end=\"2672\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Owner Liability<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2672\" data-end=\"2700\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Foreign Ownership<\/th>\n<th data-start=\"2700\" data-end=\"2735\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Best For<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody data-start=\"2872\" data-end=\"3686\">\n<tr data-start=\"2872\" data-end=\"3007\">\n<td data-start=\"2872\" data-end=\"2898\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Sole Proprietorship<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2898\" data-end=\"2915\" data-col-size=\"sm\">No<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2915\" data-end=\"2942\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Unlimited<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2942\" data-end=\"2971\" data-col-size=\"sm\">No<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"2971\" data-end=\"3007\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Freelancers, micro-entrepreneurs<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3008\" data-end=\"3144\">\n<td data-start=\"3008\" data-end=\"3034\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Partnership<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3034\" data-end=\"3051\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3051\" data-end=\"3078\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Shared<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3078\" data-end=\"3107\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Limited<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3107\" data-end=\"3144\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Small businesses with co-founders<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3145\" data-end=\"3279\">\n<td data-start=\"3145\" data-end=\"3171\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Corporation<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3171\" data-end=\"3188\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3188\" data-end=\"3215\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Limited<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3215\" data-end=\"3244\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes (depending on sector)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3244\" data-end=\"3279\" data-col-size=\"sm\">High-growth startups, investors<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3280\" data-end=\"3414\">\n<td data-start=\"3280\" data-end=\"3306\" data-col-size=\"sm\">One Person Corp (OPC)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3306\" data-end=\"3323\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3323\" data-end=\"3350\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Limited<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3350\" data-end=\"3379\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3379\" data-end=\"3414\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Solo founders, digital nomads<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3415\" data-end=\"3550\">\n<td data-start=\"3415\" data-end=\"3441\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Branch Office<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3441\" data-end=\"3458\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3458\" data-end=\"3485\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Parent company liable<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3485\" data-end=\"3514\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3514\" data-end=\"3550\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Foreign enterprises<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3686\">\n<td data-start=\"3551\" data-end=\"3577\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Representative Office<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3577\" data-end=\"3594\" data-col-size=\"sm\">No<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3594\" data-end=\"3621\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Parent company liable<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3621\" data-end=\"3650\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Yes (non-commercial only)<\/td>\n<td data-start=\"3650\" data-end=\"3686\" data-col-size=\"sm\">Regional support offices<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"sticky end-(--thread-content-margin) h-0 self-end select-none\">\n<div class=\"absolute end-0 flex items-end\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr data-start=\"3688\" data-end=\"3691\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"3693\" data-end=\"3745\"> <strong data-start=\"3696\" data-end=\"3745\">Factors to Consider When Choosing a Structure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"3747\" data-end=\"4526\">\n<li data-start=\"3747\" data-end=\"3905\">\n<p data-start=\"3749\" data-end=\"3905\"><strong data-start=\"3749\" data-end=\"3781\">Capitalization Requirements:<\/strong><br data-start=\"3781\" data-end=\"3784\" \/>Some legal entities require significant minimum capital\u2014especially for foreign-owned operations (e.g., Branch Offices).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"3907\" data-end=\"4065\">\n<p data-start=\"3909\" data-end=\"4065\"><strong data-start=\"3909\" data-end=\"3928\">Taxation Rules:<\/strong><br data-start=\"3928\" data-end=\"3931\" \/>Corporations and branches are subject to the <strong data-start=\"3978\" data-end=\"4002\">corporate income tax<\/strong>, while sole proprietors pay <strong data-start=\"4031\" data-end=\"4064\">graduated personal income tax<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4067\" data-end=\"4219\">\n<p data-start=\"4069\" data-end=\"4219\"><strong data-start=\"4069\" data-end=\"4092\">Liability Exposure:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4092\" data-end=\"4095\" \/>Ask yourself: are you comfortable being personally liable for business debts? If not, a corporation or OPC might be safer.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4221\" data-end=\"4338\">\n<p data-start=\"4223\" data-end=\"4338\"><strong data-start=\"4223\" data-end=\"4247\">Ease of Fundraising:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4247\" data-end=\"4250\" \/>Corporations are best suited for raising capital through investors or venture funding.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4340\" data-end=\"4526\">\n<p data-start=\"4342\" data-end=\"4526\"><strong data-start=\"4342\" data-end=\"4377\">Foreign Ownership Restrictions:<\/strong><br data-start=\"4377\" data-end=\"4380\" \/>Certain industries like media, retail, and real estate have foreign ownership limitations under the <strong data-start=\"4482\" data-end=\"4525\">Foreign Investment Negative List (FINL)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"4528\" data-end=\"4531\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4533\" data-end=\"4575\"> <strong data-start=\"4536\" data-end=\"4575\">Summary: Business Registration Flow<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ol data-start=\"4577\" data-end=\"4911\">\n<li data-start=\"4577\" data-end=\"4633\">\n<p data-start=\"4580\" data-end=\"4633\">Choose a business structure (e.g., OPC, Corp, Branch)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4634\" data-end=\"4708\">\n<p data-start=\"4637\" data-end=\"4708\">Register with <strong data-start=\"4651\" data-end=\"4658\">DTI<\/strong> (for Sole Proprietorship) or <strong data-start=\"4688\" data-end=\"4695\">SEC<\/strong> (for others)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4709\" data-end=\"4741\">\n<p data-start=\"4712\" data-end=\"4741\">Secure <strong data-start=\"4719\" data-end=\"4741\">Barangay Clearance<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4742\" data-end=\"4807\">\n<p data-start=\"4745\" data-end=\"4807\">Obtain <strong data-start=\"4752\" data-end=\"4770\">Mayor\u2019s Permit<\/strong> from the LGU (Local Government Unit)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4808\" data-end=\"4836\">\n<p data-start=\"4811\" data-end=\"4836\">Register with the <strong data-start=\"4829\" data-end=\"4836\">BIR<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"4837\" data-end=\"4911\">\n<p data-start=\"4840\" data-end=\"4911\">Apply for <strong data-start=\"4850\" data-end=\"4857\">SSS<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"4859\" data-end=\"4873\">PhilHealth<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"4879\" data-end=\"4891\">Pag-IBIG<\/strong> if hiring employees<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p data-start=\"4913\" data-end=\"4992\"> <em data-start=\"4916\" data-end=\"4992\">Read our <a class=\"\" href=\"#\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"4926\" data-end=\"4967\">Business Registration Guide for Cebu<\/a> for the full breakdown.<\/em><\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"4994\" data-end=\"4997\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"4999\" data-end=\"5028\"> <strong data-start=\"5002\" data-end=\"5028\">Legal Help &amp; Resources<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"5030\" data-end=\"5335\">If you&#8217;re unsure about the ideal structure or face foreign ownership constraints, consult with a <strong data-start=\"5127\" data-end=\"5173\">corporate law firm or business consultancy<\/strong> in Cebu or Manila. Many offer affordable <strong data-start=\"5215\" data-end=\"5248\">startup registration packages<\/strong>, including SEC compliance, tax documentation, and visa services for foreign directors.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"5337\" data-end=\"5357\"> <strong data-start=\"5340\" data-end=\"5357\">Key Agencies:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"5359\" data-end=\"5525\">\n<li data-start=\"5359\" data-end=\"5419\">\n<p data-start=\"5361\" data-end=\"5419\"><strong data-start=\"5361\" data-end=\"5381\">SEC Cebu Office:<\/strong> Keppel Building, Cebu Business Park<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5420\" data-end=\"5461\">\n<p data-start=\"5422\" data-end=\"5461\"><strong data-start=\"5422\" data-end=\"5435\">DTI Cebu:<\/strong> Robinsons Galleria Cebu<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"5462\" data-end=\"5525\">\n<p data-start=\"5464\" data-end=\"5525\"><strong data-start=\"5464\" data-end=\"5510\">BPLO (Business Permit &amp; Licensing Office):<\/strong> Cebu City Hall<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"5527\" data-end=\"5530\" \/>\n<h2 data-start=\"6037\" data-end=\"6094\"><span style=\"color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 2rem;\"> Conclusion<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/section>\n<section>Your choice of legal structure can shape the future of your startup \u2014 affecting everything from tax burdens and liability to funding and long-term growth. In the Philippines, the emergence of the One Person Corporation and relaxed SEC rules have made it easier than ever for solo founders and foreign entrepreneurs to go legal.<\/p>\n<p>Evaluate your goals, assess the risks, and choose the structure that best aligns with your vision. A strong foundation starts with a legal entity you can build on.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8016,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_kad_blocks_custom_css":"","_kad_blocks_head_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_body_custom_js":"","_kad_blocks_footer_custom_js":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8015","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-startup"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.6 (Yoast SEO v25.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups - Study English at 3D ACADEMY, a Language School in Cebu, Philippines<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Study English at 3D ACADEMY, a Language School in Cebu, Philippines\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/3dUniversalEnglish\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-07-20T06:31:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-Jul-20-2025-02_30_32-PM.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"427\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/2b62992adaf063df95ddd762ad83b37d\"},\"headline\":\"Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-20T06:31:13+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\"},\"wordCount\":3400,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/ChatGPT-Image-Jul-20-2025-02_30_32-PM.png\",\"articleSection\":[\"Startup\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/3d-universal.com\/en\/blogs\/legal-structures-in-the-philippines-for-startups.html\",\"name\":\"Legal Structures in the Philippines for Startups - 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