IELTS Writing Task 2: Problem-Solution Essay Guide

The IELTS Writing Task 2 exam often presents candidates with essay questions that require a clear understanding of real-world issues. Among the most common types of essays is the problem-solution essay. In this format, test-takers are asked to identify a problem, explain it logically, and propose potential solutions in a well-structured way. This guide will cover everything you need to know about approaching a problem-solution essay, from planning and structure to common topics, vocabulary, and strategies for scoring well.

Understanding the Problem-Solution Essay

In IELTS Writing Task 2, a problem-solution essay typically asks you to:

• Identify one or more problems related to a specific issue.

• Suggest one or more solutions.

• Sometimes, the prompt will explicitly ask for causes as well, so you must pay close attention to the instructions.

Example Prompts

1. Traffic and Pollution:
   Many cities are facing serious problems with traffic congestion and air pollution. What are the problems, and what solutions can you suggest?

2. Health and Obesity:
   Childhood obesity has become a major issue in many countries. What are the causes of this problem, and what measures can be taken to solve it?

Why This Essay Type Matters

The IELTS examiners assess your ability to:

• Analyze a problem logically.

• Show critical thinking through realistic and practical solutions.

• Organize your essay with clarity and coherence.

• Demonstrate a wide range of vocabulary and accurate grammar.

This essay type reflects real-world thinking: employers, universities, and governments want individuals who can identify issues and think of ways to solve them.

Step-by-Step Approach

Step 1: Analyze the Question

Carefully read the task and highlight:

• The main problem or issue.

• Whether the task asks for causes, effects, and/or solutions.

• Key words that define the scope (e.g., in your country, for young people, in cities).

Step 2: Brainstorm Ideas

Ask yourself:

• What are the key problems?

• What are the consequences if not solved?

• What practical solutions exist?

Tip: Write down at least 2 problems and 2 solutions during your planning phase, then select the strongest ones for your essay.

Step 3: Organize Your Essay

A common and effective structure is:

Introduction

• Paraphrase the question.

• State what you will discuss.

Body Paragraph 1 (Problems)

• Identify one major problem.

• Explain with examples or data.

• Optionally, discuss a second problem.

Body Paragraph 2 (Solutions)

• Suggest one major solution.

• Explain how it addresses the problem.

• Optionally, add a second solution.

Conclusion

• Summarize the main points.

• Provide a general opinion on tackling the issue.

Model Outline

Question:

In many countries, plastic waste has become a major environmental problem. What problems does this cause? What solutions can you suggest?

Introduction
Plastic waste is increasingly damaging the natural environment. This essay will discuss the harmful effects of plastic pollution and suggest measures to reduce its impact.

Problem Paragraph
One significant problem is environmental damage, particularly to marine life. Countless fish, turtles, and seabirds ingest plastic waste, leading to death and declining biodiversity. Furthermore, plastic waste clogs rivers and drainage systems, causing urban flooding in many developing cities.

Solution Paragraph
One practical solution is for governments to ban or heavily tax single-use plastics such as bags and straws. In addition, investment in recycling facilities and awareness campaigns can encourage citizens to adopt reusable alternatives. These actions would drastically reduce the amount of plastic entering the environment.

Conclusion
Plastic waste poses a severe threat to ecosystems and urban living. By restricting single-use items and promoting recycling, societies can overcome this challenge.

Language and Vocabulary for Problem-Solution Essays

Using a wide variety of vocabulary is essential for a high band score. Below are some useful phrases:

Introducing Problems

• One of the major problems is…

• A significant concern is that…

• This issue leads to…

• The consequences of this are…

Introducing Solutions

• One possible solution is to…

• This can be tackled by…

• Governments should implement…

• Individuals can contribute by…

Cause-Effect Phrases

• This results in…

• Consequently…

• As a result…

• Leads to…

Example Phrases

• For example, …

• Such as…

• To illustrate, …

Conclusion Phrases

• In conclusion, …

• To sum up, …

• Overall, …

Common Topics in IELTS Problem-Solution Essays

1. Environment

   • Climate change

   • Deforestation

   • Plastic waste

2. Education

   • Illiteracy

   • Student stress

   • Technology in classrooms

3. Health

   • Obesity

   • Smoking

   • Mental health

4. Society

   • Crime rates

   • Urbanization

   • Poverty

5. Technology

   • Internet addiction

   • Cybercrime

   • Privacy concerns

Sample Problem-Solution Essay (Band 8 Level)

Question:
In recent years, the number of cars on the roads has significantly increased. What problems has this created? What solutions can you suggest?

Essay:
The rapid growth of private car ownership has become a pressing issue in many countries. This essay will explore the problems associated with this trend and propose potential solutions.

The first major problem is traffic congestion. In large cities, rush-hour traffic has become unbearable, reducing productivity as people spend hours commuting. Moreover, the surge in car numbers has led to increased air pollution, which poses a serious threat to public health. For instance, cities such as New Delhi and Beijing frequently report hazardous air quality levels due to vehicle emissions.

To solve these problems, governments should encourage the use of public transportation by investing in affordable, reliable, and extensive systems. Subsidizing buses, trains, and subways would make them attractive alternatives to private cars. Additionally, authorities could implement congestion charges in city centers, as has been done in London, to discourage unnecessary car usage. Over the long term, promoting the use of electric vehicles and cycling infrastructure would also reduce emissions and improve urban mobility.

In conclusion, the increase in car ownership contributes to both congestion and pollution. Nevertheless, with strategic policies promoting public transport and greener alternatives, these issues can be effectively managed.

Tips for Scoring High

1. Stay Relevant
   Stick to the problem and solutions. Avoid going off-topic.

2. Be Specific
   Give clear examples. Avoid overly general statements.

3. Balance Problems and Solutions
   Do not spend all your time on one side. IELTS examiners want balance.

4. Use Formal Language
   Avoid contractions (don’t, can’t). Use academic vocabulary.

5. Plan Before Writing
   Even 3–4 minutes of planning can save time during writing.

6. Check Grammar and Vocabulary
   Small mistakes reduce your score. Leave 2 minutes to proofread.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Listing too many problems/solutions: Focus on one or two, explained well.

• Not answering the question: Always return to what the prompt specifically asks.

• Using informal expressions: Phrases like “a lot of” or “kids” are too casual.

• No clear structure: Without paragraphs, coherence scores will drop.

Final Thoughts

The problem-solution essay is one of the most practical and straightforward essay types in IELTS Writing Task 2. By carefully analyzing the question, brainstorming focused ideas, and structuring your essay logically, you can achieve a high band score. Remember to use formal language, provide examples, and balance your discussion between identifying issues and offering solutions.

With practice, you will be able to approach any problem-solution essay with confidence, turning complex issues into clear, persuasive writing.

FAQ:IELTS Writing Task 2: Problem-Solution Essay Guide

What is a problem–solution essay in IELTS Writing Task 2?

A problem–solution essay asks you to discuss a real-world issue by identifying key problems and proposing practical solutions. In IELTS, the prompt may explicitly ask for problems and solutions, or include causes as well. Your goal is to demonstrate analytical thinking, coherent organization, and the ability to justify how your proposed actions would mitigate the issue. Examiners look for clear task response, logical progression, accurate grammar, and appropriate academic vocabulary. Keep your tone formal and objective, avoid personal anecdotes unless they illustrate a generalizable point, and make sure every paragraph directly serves the question.

How should I structure my problem–solution essay?

An effective, high-band structure is concise and predictable:

• Introduction: Paraphrase the topic and state your scope (e.g., “This essay will outline the main problems and propose feasible measures”).
• Body 1 (Problems): Present one major problem (and optionally a second). Explain the mechanism and consequences with a brief example.
• Body 2 (Solutions): Present one major solution (and optionally a second). Explain how it directly addresses the problem, who should implement it, and any conditions for success.
• Conclusion: Summarize the main points and reaffirm the overall approach without introducing new ideas.

This four-paragraph layout is efficient for 250–290 words. If you write more, ensure every sentence adds value and remains on task.

How can I analyze the question to avoid going off-topic?

Underline the actor (e.g., government, schools, individuals), the scope (in cities, in your country, globally), and the tasks (problems only? problems and solutions? causes and solutions?). Then rephrase the task in your own words in a one-sentence “brief.” This prewriting step keeps your ideas aligned with the prompt and prevents irrelevant examples. If the question mentions a specific group (such as “young people”), ensure both your problems and solutions relate to that group, not to society in general.

How many problems and solutions should I include?

Quality is better than quantity. One well-developed problem paired with one well-developed solution is enough for Band 7+, provided your explanation is logical, supported, and clearly linked. If you add a second problem or solution, keep it concise and ensure it does not dilute the depth of your main points. Examiners reward clear logic, not long lists. Aim for depth (causes, effects, stakeholders, feasibility) rather than breadth.

What are good examples of “problems” and “solutions” in common topics?

Common topics include environment, health, education, technology, and urban life. For example:

• Plastic waste (Problem): Marine animals ingest microplastics, harming biodiversity and food chains.
• Plastic waste (Solution): Levy taxes on single-use items and fund local recycling infrastructure; track compliance through retailer reporting.
• Traffic congestion (Problem): Long commutes reduce productivity and increase emissions.
• Traffic congestion (Solution): Expand reliable public transport, adopt congestion pricing, and create safe cycling corridors.
• Childhood obesity (Problem): High consumption of processed food and sedentary habits raise long-term health risks.
• Childhood obesity (Solution): Mandatory nutrition labels in schools, physical education quotas, and incentives for fresh food vendors near campuses.

What linking words and academic phrases can improve cohesion?

Use a variety of cohesive devices naturally:

• Introducing problems: “A key concern is…,” “This trend leads to…,” “A further drawback is…”
• Explaining causes/effects: “This stems from…,” “Consequently…,” “As a result…”
• Proposing solutions: “One viable measure is to…,” “This could be addressed by…,” “Authorities should implement…”
• Evaluating feasibility: “This is practical because…,” “However, this requires…,” “In the short term/long term…”
• Concluding: “In summary…,” “Overall…,” “Therefore, a coordinated approach is essential.”

Vary your language; avoid repeating the same sentence starters. Cohesion improves when the logic of your argument is explicit.

How do I make my solutions realistic and persuasive?

Demonstrate feasibility by specifying the agent (who acts), the action (what is done), the resources (funding, training, legal changes), and the outcome (how the action reduces the problem). For example, instead of “Governments should improve recycling,” write, “Local councils can contract certified waste processors, subsidize household sorting bins, and enforce compliance through quarterly inspections; this increases recycling rates and reduces landfill volume.” Showing a causal chain convinces the examiner that you understand implementation, not just ideals.

Should I discuss causes as well as problems and solutions?

Only if the prompt asks for it or if a brief cause explanation strengthens your problem analysis. Some tasks say “What are the causes and solutions?” In those cases, dedicate a sentence or two to key causes before proposing your measures. If the question asks strictly for problems and solutions, keep causes minimal and focus on the required tasks to maintain relevance and save time.

How can I manage my time during the exam?

Allocate your 40 minutes roughly as follows:

• Planning (5–7 minutes): Analyze the prompt, outline problems and solutions, and write your topic sentences.
• Writing (28–30 minutes): Complete four paragraphs, keeping sentences concise and purposeful.
• Checking (3–5 minutes): Correct grammar (articles, subject–verb agreement), word choice, and punctuation. Ensure you have at least 250 words.

Short, focused planning prevents mid-essay hesitation and improves coherence. Checking safeguards your accuracy score.

What grammar features are essential for higher bands?

Demonstrate control of complex structures without overcomplicating your writing. Useful features include conditionals (“If authorities subsidize fares, ridership will increase”), relative clauses (“policies that incentivize recycling”), and nominalization (“the implementation of congestion charges”). Maintain accurate tense use and subject–verb agreement. Vary sentence length for rhythm and clarity, and use punctuation correctly—especially commas in complex sentences—to avoid run-ons or fragments.

How do I develop examples without statistics or outside research?

IELTS does not require citations. You can use plausible, generalized examples: city case studies, school scenarios, workplace practices, or everyday situations. Keep them concise and clearly linked to your point. For instance, “In many dense urban centers, limited road capacity during peak hours causes chronic bottlenecks; introducing staggered work shifts can distribute demand more evenly.” Avoid invented data that sounds overly specific; focus on logic and likelihood.

What vocabulary should I avoid or replace with formal alternatives?

Avoid casual or vague words such as “a lot,” “stuff,” “kids,” or “things.” Prefer precise, academic choices: “a substantial proportion,” “materials,” “children,” “factors,” “stakeholders,” “infrastructure,” “regulation,” “incentives,” “implementation,” and “monitoring.” Replace emotive language with neutral analysis. For instance, instead of “cars are terrible for cities,” write, “excessive private car use imposes measurable costs on urban mobility and public health.”

How can I ensure clear problem–solution alignment?

Use a mirrored structure. End the problem paragraph with the key harm, then begin the solution paragraph by directly addressing that harm. Example: if the problem is “overflowing landfills due to single-use plastics,” the solution should target single-use plastics specifically (taxes, bans, producer responsibility), not only general environmental education. Add a sentence that explicitly links the measure to the harm: “By reducing the availability of disposable packaging, overall landfill volume declines, easing pressure on municipal waste systems.”

Is it acceptable to acknowledge limitations of a solution?

Yes. Briefly recognizing constraints can strengthen your argument because it shows balanced reasoning. For example: “Although congestion pricing may burden low-income commuters, targeted discounts and improved bus frequency can offset inequity.” Keep this concise; do not undermine your own solution. Offer a mitigation strategy where relevant.

What are common mistakes to avoid in problem–solution essays?

Frequent issues include listing too many superficial points, drifting off-topic, proposing vague solutions, and failing to connect solutions to problems. Other pitfalls are overlong introductions, repetitive language, and weak conclusions that add new ideas. Finally, some candidates forget to specify responsibility—who will act and how. Make your proposals operational: identify actors, steps, and anticipated outcomes.

Can I include my opinion in the conclusion?

Yes, but keep it aligned with the task. A concise, balanced closing sentence is effective: “In summary, while plastic waste threatens ecosystems and urban sanitation, coordinated measures—taxing single-use items and financing local recycling—offer a realistic path forward.” Avoid introducing fresh arguments in the final paragraph. The conclusion should synthesize, not expand.

What does a high-band solution paragraph look like?

A strong solution paragraph includes: a clear measure, responsible stakeholders, implementation details, and causal logic. For instance: “One effective measure is extended producer responsibility. Governments can require manufacturers to fund take-back programs and design recyclable packaging. Retailers report quarterly compliance, and penalties apply for shortfalls. As producers internalize disposal costs, they adopt sustainable materials, which reduces landfill dependence and litter.” This level of specificity demonstrates both feasibility and impact.

How should I handle word count and concision?

Aim for 260–290 words to allow explanation without rambling. If you write more, ensure every sentence advances your argument. Cut filler such as “It is undoubtedly true that…” or repetitive restatements. Use topic sentences to control paragraph scope and keep each idea compact and supported. Effective concision signals strong command of English and organization under time pressure.

What final checklist can I use before submitting?

• Have I answered exactly what was asked (problems, solutions, and scope)?
• Is there a clear, logical structure with focused topic sentences?
• Do my solutions directly tackle the stated problems and explain how they help?
• Is my language formal, varied, and precise, with accurate grammar and punctuation?
• Have I left at least two minutes to proofread for small but costly errors?

Following this checklist increases coherence and accuracy, which are critical to achieving Band 7 and above.

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